ibid

Ibid., short for ibidem, tells the reader that the source is the same as the one in the footnote immediately preceding. If the page or paragraph differs, it is added: “ibid, 45”. It can be used only when the previous note cites a single source; otherwise it is ambiguous.

It is different from supra (“above”), which refers back to a source cited earlier but not in the immediately preceding note, usually with the note number, and from op. cit. (“in the work cited”), which follows an author's name. Citation styles differ: OSCOLA uses ibid; the Bluebook uses id. Students writing projects or moot memorials should follow the one style prescribed and use it consistently.

Example

Footnote 12 cited Maneka Gandhi at page 280; footnote 13, citing page 284 of the same judgment, read “Ibid, 284”.

See also

supra · op. cit. · citation

Read more in the study notes

• Writing assignments, essays and dissertations; report writing, bibliography and citation (Legal Methods)
• Analysis of data, citation and writing the research report (Research Methodology)